Dna Is A Polymer Of Nucleotides - 1181 Words

DNA is a polymer of nucleotides, each consisting of three components. These components include a nitrogenous base, a deoxyribose sugar and a phosphate group. The hydrophobic nitrogenous bases are in the DNA molecules interior with the negatively charged phosphate groups on the outside. Strong covalent bonds link each unit of the nucleotide together. Between the stacked pairs Van der Waals interactions play an important role in holding the molecule together. There are four different bases called adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine. Adenine bonds with thymine and cytosine bonds with guanine through weak hydrogen bonds. The number of bonds between the pairs differs however with adenine forming two hydrogen bonds with thymine and cytosine forming three with guanine. Adenine and guanine are nitrogenous bases with two organic rings and are purines. Cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines with single organic rings. The backbone of the DNA molecule is formed as the phosphate group of one nuc leotide is attached the sugar of the next. The DNA molecule is made up of two strands and these strands wind together to form a double helix. There are ten base pairs per turn of the double helix. The strands are antiparallel and the polynucleotide strand has directionality from 5’ end to the 3’ end. LINK DNA Replication LINK. Replication of DNA is initiated by proteins that recognise a specific sequence of nucleotides from short stretches of DNA at sites called origins of replication. TheyShow MoreRelatedCase Analysis : Ideal Condition For The Digestion And Absorption Of Nutrients1067 Words   |  5 Pagesfat, nucleic acids, cellulose, and complex carbohydrates obtained from her food and drink. But before we describe how each nutrient goes to a specific location as well as its process, it is important to know the structures behind these nutrients. Polymers are basically molecules that are either identical or in similar subunits (monomers) arranged in a repetitive series. Simple sugars are either in the form of monosaccharide (1 monomer), or dissacharide (2 monomers). Examples of monosaccharides areRead MoreLarge Molecules In the Structure And Functioning Of Cells Essay examples843 Words   |  4 Pagesrequires one water molecule to supply the H and OH to the sugars formed. Examples of Disaccharides are sucrose (glucose + fructose), Lactose (glucose + galactose), Maltose (glucose + glucose) Polysaccharides such as starch are made up of two polymers: amylase and amylopectin. Lipidsare made up of the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen but in different proportions to carbohydrates. The most common type of lipid is the triglyceride. Fats and oils are very similar in structure Read Morewingwangs1474 Words   |  6 PagesCovalent Bond Sharing of electron pairs Strongest Ionic Bond Attraction of opposite charges- attraction b/w cations and anions Ex) Na + Cl Medium strength Hydrogen Bond Shared Hydrogen Atom Result from polarity Cohesion Hydrogen bonds hold together DNA weakest Chemical Reactions: the making and breaking of bonds CO2 + H20 = H2CO3 Oxidation/ReductionïÆ'   Think â€Å"OILRIG† OIL- Oxidation is loss (of electrons) RIG- Reduction is gain (of electrons) Properties of Water: Cohesion = water attracted to waterRead MoreAn Analysis Of The Stanford Understudy Space Activity1451 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscretionary DNA strands (of direct length) in space. Cool eh? Ive been taking a shot at this venture throughout the previous eight months with a brilliant group of kindred programmers as a feature of the Stanford Understudy Space Activity, and Id get a kick out of the chance to share what were doing, what weve effectively done, and where were going. Why space? All things considered, above all else, space is cool. Be that as it may, all the more genuinely, access to self-assertive DNA in spaceRead MoreDna vs Rna783 Words   |  4 PagesComparison chart | DNA | RNA | Definition: | A nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms | RNA, single-stranded chain of alternating phosphate and ribose units with the bases adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil bonded to the ribose. RNA molecules are involved in protein synthesis and sometimes in the transmission of genetic information. | Job/Role: | Medium of long-term storage and transmission of genetic informationRead MoreDna And Development Of The Living Organisms950 Words   |  4 Pagesrepeat length and orientation. DNA is the hereditary material and it carries all the genetic information that used in functionally and development of the living organisms. DNA is composed of two DNA strands that are antiparallel, coiled around each other to form a double helix. Double helix stand for two DNA strands set themselves like a ladder with the phosphate backbone forming the side of the ladder and these bases forming the rungs(book). DNA is the polymer of nucleotides, each consisting of threeRead MoreWhat People Had For Lunch923 Words   |  4 Pagesas fats), proteins and nucleic acids (such as RNA and DNA), which all are fundamental forever. A large portion of these molecules is shaped from monomers and polymers. Monomers are small molecules that can be joined by a condensation reaction, in which water is removed to form the bond between two monomers. Whereas polymers are huge molecules, can be degraded by a hydrolysis reaction in which water is added to break the bond between polymers. That’s how the large molecules are formed due to condensationRead MoreEssay on Molecular Genetics885 Words   |  4 Pages1. DNA Nucleotide [pic] Nucleotides consist of three parts --- a pentose sugar, a nitrogen-containing base, and a phosphate group. A pentose sugar is a five-sided sugar. Deoxyribose has a hydrogen atom attached to its #2 carbon atom (designated 2), and ribose has a hydroxyl group atom there. Deoxyribose-containing nucleotides are the monomers of DNA RNA Nucleotide [pic] The left picture shows the nucleotide unit of RNA. Nucleotides differ from nucleosidesRead MoreBiology : Essential Biology Discussion1189 Words   |  5 Pagestheir cell structures improves. Ultimately, living things respond to stimuli reproduce, and have an order in their body structures. The basic chemical terminology for cells includes ribonucleic acids (RNA), lipids, glycans, and Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Important molecules to the lives of living organisms fall in two main groups; organic molecules and inorganic molecules (Wayne, 2009). Organic molecules include carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins. On the other hand, inorganic moleculesRead MoreThe Four Major Biological Macromolecules927 Words   |  4 Pagesas fats), proteins and nucleic acids (such as RNA and DNA), which all are fundamental forever. A large portion of these molecules is shaped from monomers and polymers. Monomers are small molecules that can be joined by a condensation reaction, in which water is removed to form the bond between two monomers. Whereas polymers are huge molecules, can be degraded by a hydrolysis reaction in which water is added to break the bond between polymers. That’s how the large molecules are formed due to condensation

Autism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) - 1726 Words

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a continuum disorder in which symptoms usually arise in early-childhood. Some individuals with ASD will display mild symptoms, while other individuals with ASD may display more severe symptoms, the spectrum aspect of autism causes this widespread diagnosis. Recognizing the spectrum disorder as a whole, and continually focusing on the strengths and weaknesses of each individual child’s development across all areas, is one of the many difficult factors of ASD. Among other deficits, communication deficits are especially prevalent for many individuals diagnosed with ASD. Some individuals are considered nonverbal or mostly nonverbal, while others may struggle solely with social communication, others still may not have any difficulty communicating with other individuals (DSM-5, 2016). Different forms of Augmentative and Alternative Communication have become increasingly popular to allow children diagnosed with ASD to communicate with other individuals. According to the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (1987), augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) is â€Å"an area of clinical practice that attempts to compensate (either temporarily or permanently) for the impairment and disability patterns of individuals with severe expressive communication disorders† (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 1989:7). The goal of AAC is to improve or assist a child’s functional communication abilities, speech abilities, or both.Show MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1722 Words   |  7 Pagesin every sixty-eight births are diagnosed with the Autism spectrum disorder in other words (ASD), which is about one percent of the world’s population. And that more than three point five million people in America live with a person wh o has the Autism spectrum disorder. We all know that Autism is a spectrum disorder in which an abnormality is developed in the brain. It is a long life condition that has no cure for itself. People who have Autism face many difficulties in their communication and theirRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a hereditary neurodevelopmental disorder. Like many other psychological disorders, it is commonly misunderstood in popular culture. Many allude to it casually, often equating it with crippling social awkwardness and disability when it is in fact a spectrum disorder with many degrees of severity. It is somewhat of an enigma within the scientific community as well; there are many things we do not know about ASD and there is ongoing research to learn moreRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1535 Words   |  7 PagesHow Autism Influences the Interactions with Others There is a little boy that gets up every morning and goes to school. He goes home to his parents after school each day. He eats, sleeps, and plays just like any other child. There is one difference. He sees the world in a unique way than most other children not affected by Autism Spectrum Disorder. The boy’s life and actions are a bit different and can be challenging for him. He needs understanding parents, family members, and teachers. Autism SpectrumRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1444 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Dustin S. Staats University of Central Oklahoma â€Å"Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) formerly known as just Autism, is a disorder that affects about 1 in 68 children here in the United States.† (Facts about ASD) This is a pretty high prevalence and the number is continuing to rise. â€Å"Autism is a developmental disability that can cause significant impairments in behavioral, communication, and social aspects of everyday life.†(Facts about ASD). The intellectual functioning ofRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1569 Words   |  7 Pagesdiagnoses for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) occur has seen a dramatic growth in numbers. With diagnoses for ASD increasing, more siblings are also being found to have grown up with a sister or brother with autism spectrum disorder. Previous studies have shown no consensus on whether or not siblings of persons with ASD are at risk for negative effects. However, patterns of anxiety among these siblings are being examined to see if characteristics of a child with autism spectrum disorder and their parentsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1369 Words   |  6 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Introduction I don t think people understand how unique children with Autism are or the demands of caring for a child with Autism is. In order to grasp the effect of this disability has on a child or their family it is important to understand the characteristics of a child living with Autism. So for you to understand I will be talking about Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) or Autism in a childs life. I will be talking about what autism is, the history and descriptionRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1587 Words   |  7 Pages Topic: Autism Spectrum Disorder  (ASD) Purpose: My audience will learn the importance of recognizing early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder in children. Thesis: It is important to understand the early signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder, and why early intervention is the best treatment. Introduction: Gain/maintain attention There is a television show I like to watch called â€Å"The Big Bang Theory, maybe some of you have seen it. This show focuses on the relationships between a group of friends, someRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1168 Words   |  5 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder, as defined by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders, refers to a group of complex neurodevelopment disorders characterized by repetitive and characteristic patterns of behavior and difficulties with social communication and interaction (ninds.nih.gov). Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a very complex developmental disorder and the term ‘spectrum’ was added to the original term simply known as ‘Autism’ due to the wide range of symptoms associated with the disorderRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1852 Words   |  8 PagesThe following paper is going to cover the topic of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Using research and data collected from various authors and journalists the paper will describe the different variations of autism and discuss the impact autism has on a person- in society, at home, in the classroom, and in their careers. Beginning at infancy, autism has a major impact on not just the child but their family’s life as well. The child’s lack of ability to interpret social cues, gestures, and expressionsRead MoreAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd ) Essay1240 Words   |  5 PagesAutism Spectrum Disorder Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a range of conditions grouped under the neurodevelopmental disorders in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) published in 2013 (Kress Paylo, 2015). Those who are diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder must present two types of symptoms: 1) Deficits in social communication and social interaction and 2) Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities (APA, 2013). The DSM-5 merged all autism

Reflective Log on Safeguarding Free Essays

During your induction we discussed the importance of reflection, and ways in which this can be done. Below are some key questions you should consider after undertaking a training session You are expected to complete a reflective log following each of the workshops you attend. This will be used as evidence towards your qualification so the more detail you include the more criteria you will cover. We will write a custom essay sample on Reflective Log on Safeguarding or any similar topic only for you Order Now Key questions to think about? Why did you choose to attend the workshop? Safeguarding is one of the most basic and the most important thing that effects the working of any setting. This course was an eye opener to me in various aspects and I Lana to attend more of these to touch up on what I have learnt. What did you hope to learn from attending the workshop? To gain insight into the guidelines, policies, procedures for safeguarding chiders and young people. To know how to respond to evidence of concerns where a child or young person may be abused. Did the workshop meet your expectations? Yes. It was very informative and touched on lots of Issues. Was there anything that you didn’t understand or need further guidance with? Not much. In depth or more detailed will help. But this was Just a one day workshop. What have you learnt from attending the workshop? How to respond In case of abuse or harmful evidence surrounding children, The various policies , procedures and guidelines on safeguarding. Understood the importance of working In Ana environment where communication has to be very effective. And to work In partnership with various other organizations which regard to children safety. How have you cascaded your learning to your team? Yes. How has the workshop Impacted on your practice? I am more vigilant and I am more confident as I know what to do and what can be done. How has your learning benefited your setting? Being a volunteer I did not have much knowledge of basics. I am now more confident and I know I can rely on my team to support me whenever need arise.. Where will you go next? Do you need further Information/training? A regular touch up on the course would be beneficial. Please give examples wherever possible to support your reflections. I now know about the LESS. The context of mute agency working. The signs/ forms and effects of abuse. WHat to look out for. Indemnifying the delftware kinds of abuse psychological, emotional, physiochemical and financial. Reflective Log on Safeguarding By vaudevillian’s Yes. It was very informative and touched on lots of issues. Was there anything that How to respond in case of abuse or harmful evidence surrounding children, The importance of working in Ana environment where communication has to be very effective. And to work in partnership with various other organizations which regard to How has the workshop impacted on your practice? You go next? Do you need further information/training? A regular touch up on the The context of mute agency working. The signs/ forms and effects of abuse. WHat to look out for. Indemnifying the different kinds of abuse psychological, emotional, physiochemical and financial. How to cite Reflective Log on Safeguarding, Essays

Accounting Policy on Corporate Tax Avoidance

Question: Discuss about theAccountingfor Policy on Corporate Tax Avoidance. Answer: The Vision and Mission Statement The vision and the mission statement of the organization summarize their goals and objectives. Both of them serve differently for the company. The mission statements concentrate on the present; the mission outlines what a company wants to do now and a vision outlines what the company wants to do in the future. The focus of the vision statement is the future. It is a source of the inspiration and motivation. The mission statement informs about the desired level of the performance. Therefore, it can be said that the mission statement talks about primary objectives and the purpose of the organization and the vision statement is the statement, which states where one wants to be. Brambles is a supply chain logistics company which has its presence in over 60 countries(Blackmores.com.au). The largest operation of the company is in North America and Western Europe. Brambles have its headquarters in Sydney. Brambles provide services related to the supply chain logistics to its customers. Blac kmore is the Australias leading health company. The main aim of the company is to inspire people to control and invest in their well-being. Blackmore is the leading company in Australia for over 70 years. The vision of the company is to become the primary choice healthcare of the country. The company wants to establish a strong culture that promotes patients care, staff engagement by the help of new technologies and strategic alliances. The mission statement is to promote the healthier communities through the compassion and comprehensive health and human services, regardless of the activity to pay. The mission of Brambles is to be the worlds leading provider of the innovative business solutions in the support service. The company creates value by providing the outsourcing expertise to add exceptional value in the eyes of the customers. The company also creates value for the shareholders through the people and their enterprising spirit. The companys vision is to provide its primary i mportance to the customers. The company strives for success. The company is committed to provide safety, diversity, people and the teamwork. The company thus, believes in the culture of innovation. The Values of the Company The values that are associated with the blackmores company is the natural healthcare that will be considered as the core of the organization. It is not just the philosophy rather it is how they do the business. As per the company, the success of it depends on putting focus on the customers, innovative thinking along with responsible action towards the local community and the environment. All the values of the company are known as PIRLS, they are behavioral and aspiration. The values of the brambles are committed to zero environment harm including eliminating deforestation; to protect, restore and promote sustainability in terms of the use of forest in the value chain of the company. The Corporate Social Responsibility For the last two year, Brambles limited is included in the Dow jones sustainability world index (DJSI), this index identifies organizations that led their companies in the corporate social responsibility (CSR) (brambles.com). Therefore, it can be stated that Brambles works mainly through the CHEP and IFCO brands and it provided the supply chain solutions to its customers. In June 2015, CHEP North America introduced the corporate social responsibility, which included unique services to help the consumers to optimize their supply chains and therefore, to support the corporate social responsibility initiatives. The portfolio of the solutions is developed to assist the partners to shift products from firms or the shift various product to the different stores from the production center efficienly, addressing the damage of the product and the failed unit loads and empty the transport miles (brambles.com). CHEP North America had identified the process of efficient elimination of the waste o f the company and the way to improve the supply chain performance by considering certain facts like logistic, supply chain platforms, international trade, transportation and others.. One of the retailer joined with CHEP to test the new transportation solution and it is been estimated that the retailer will fill almost one million empty trailer miles which would generate a revenue of US $ 2.5 million (brambles.com). The three of the main retailers of grocery, which uses the unit load optimization solution, reduced damage at their distribution centre and the retailer saves about US $ 300000 in their supply chain (brambles.com). The DJSI considers the analysis of the corporate economic, environment and social performance, it assess issues that relates to the corporate governance, management of risk, branding of the product, mitigation in the climate change, the standards of the supply chain and the labor practices. According to the index, the name of the Brambles Limited has been included in the DJSI because of the code of conduct and the corporate governance. The company also ranked higher in the scale of the climate strategy and the policy meant for the environment. Therefore, according to the employees of the company it is been stated that the company is built on the principles of the sustainable. They are building a long-term relationship with the sustainable business that aims at serving the customers, the employees and the shareholders of the company. The company also supports the longleaf pine restoration in the USA (brambles.com). The Longleaf Alliance is a nonprofit organization that helps to promot e to retain, manage and restore the Longleaf Pine around the country. Therefore, CHEP USA has supported the organization for a number of years. In the year 2015, the collaboration assisted landowners and partners with planting of trees 2.99 million trees (brambles.com). The financial assistance is provided by the CHEP for the planting of trees (Navi 2012). Blackmore has committed to the sustainability and the social responsibility. Being the corporate and the responsible citizens, they believe that the issues of environmentally sustainable practice relating to all aspects of the business must be addressed by them. The business should demonstrate care, respect for the people and the compassion and the safe and the healthy community. Blackmore keeps on exploring the ways to reduce the product packaging impact on the environment. The recycling of the packaging product shall be increased and the company should develop the sustainable packaging solutions. The company is the founding signatory to the Australian packaging covenant, a sustainable packaging initiative that thus, changes the culture of the business. The agreement between the industries and the companies that have been made tries to aim at the packaging sustainability issues and provide funds for the same. Blackmore has started using glass in the container since early 60s comparing with the longevity and the protection that it provides to the product. The glass can be recycled easily. In the year 2014, the company made use of the process of closed loop for the bulk deliveries. The use of the closed loop will eliminate the plastic waste (Zentes et al. 2016). It reduced the handling time and the operational costs have also reduced to a certain level and have become environment friendly. The quality of materials that are used by the company is environment friendly and does not include any of the toxic items like mercury. The company is the company has initiated the the use of the Planet ark Australian recycling label and the use of paperless order picking. The entire environment and the sustainability initiatives are managed by the company along with the maintenance of the compliance with the Therapeutic Goods Administration high standards, which is related to the goods manufacturing practice that ensures high standards of manufacturing the goods. Blackmores company primary focus is to protect the environment from the harmful particles that are emitted by the packaging industry (Blackmores.com.au). The company in its headquarters has a high range generation plant, which fulfills the need of the energy of the company. The company also supports various charitable and the non-profit making institutions by providing funds in the charitable institutions. Some of the institutions that the company supports are as follows- cancer council, Chris OBrien life house, cure brain cancer foundation, heart research institute, WWF, Quest for life foundation. Heart Ali an d many others.The company also supports Australian athletes named- Collingwood football club, holy Wawn and sam bloom (Blackmores.com.au). The companys festival that was named as Blackmores Sydney running festival raised $ 1.2 million for 33 official charities and attracted 32,000 participants. The company raise an amount of $ 15.5 million for the charity (Blackmores.com.au). The company also provides the employee charitable scheme for the employees where the employees are motivated to participate in the charitable scheme. The participating employees is provided with the deduction in the taxation paid by them by 0.5 percent (Blackmores.com.au). Value Created by the Shareholders However, with the investor point of view the Blackmore Company has the dividend payout and dividend reinvestment plan for the investors. Blackmore provides dividend to the shareholders of the company in March and September (Blackmores.com.au). The Brambles Limited have provided interim as well as the final dividend in the year 2016. In the year 2015, the company has provided final dividend to its shareholders. Between the years 2012 to 2014, no dividend was paid to the shareholders (Amiram et al. 2012). In the year, 2009 and 2010 the dividend and interim dividend both were paid to the shareholders (Blackmores.com.au). Reference Amiram, D., Bauer, A.M. and Frank, M.M., 2012. The effect of the shareholder dividend tax policy on corporate tax avoidance.Unpublished, University of Virginia, Darden School Foundation. Blackmores.com.au. (2016).About us. [online] Available at: https://www.blackmores.com.au/about-us [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Blackmores.com.au. (2016).Dividend information. [online] Available at: https://www.blackmores.com.au/about-us/investor-centre/dividend-information [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Brambles Corporate Site. (2016).Annual Reports. [online] Available at: https://www.brambles.com/annual-reports [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Brambles Corporate Site. (2016).Brambles. [online] Available at: https://www.brambles.com/ [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Brambles Corporate Site. (2016).Corporate Governance Overview. [online] Available at: https://www.brambles.com/corporate-governance-overview [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Brambles Corporate Site. (2016).Dividends. [online] Available at: https://www.brambles.com/dividends [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Brambles Corporate Site. (2016).Investor Centre. [online] Available at: https://www.brambles.com/investor-centre [Accessed 8 Dec. 2016]. Navi, S.T., 2012. Corporate social responsibility. Zentes, J., Morschett, D. and Schramm-Klein, H., 2016. Corporate Social Responsibility. InStrategic Retail Management(pp. 207-226). Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden.

Food and Beverage Development

Introduction The conversion of raw materials for food and other substances is all entailed in the process of Food production. Food Production necessitates gathering the harvests and meat products from the farms and processing them to produce marketable food products. Due to the increase in population the rate of the food consumed has risen.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Food and Beverage Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Due to this, the rate of food production has also gone up. The food produced is now either low quality food or high quality food. The quality of food a consumer purchases depends on the income the consumer gets. This paper focuses on how food production and food consumption has affected the eating habits and led to the introduction of junk foods because of the production and consumption factors. The quality and quantity of food produced nowadays is higher in fats. Due to the increas ing incomes, consumption of high fat diets has increased since the consumers can afford the products. Nowadays there have been a slowed production of farm produce and crop yields. Consumers have reduced the intake of staple foods like cereals and are now preferring dairy and meat products. Demand for these goods has grown faster than the production leading to the decline in the quality of the final products. While referring to the history and origins of food consumption, it can be stated that complex of human experiences and activities creates a source of deep considerations for the sociologists. Beardsworth and Keil (1997) state that, through â€Å"†¦food intake is an inescapable physiological necessity, eating entails far more than its basic physiological dimensions† (p. 6). Apparently, the eating process implies a complex whole of sophisticated physiological, psychological, ecological, economic, social, political, and cultural dimensions. These series are heavily disc ussed and analyzed by social and anthropological sciences that think over existing challenges and questions. In this respect, Counihan and Esterik (1997), along with Forth Carden-Coyne (2005), support the idea of considering food as an important cultural element shaping the tastes of individuals and societies. In particular, they draw explicit parallels between the physiological body image and its relation to food consumption. This is of particular concern to Western cultures where people with excess weight were considered as well-off members of society. Existing stereotypes can create a number of problems in terms of human health, but, what is more important; it shapes future trends in the field of food industry (Ritzer, 2010).Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Overall, pre-consideration of existing external factors influencing people’s outlook on food consumption shoul d be discussed in more detail (Montanari, 2006; Petrie, 2011). A number of concepts can be highlighted through the prism of current theories and frameworks, which will further be used in inventing strategies for enhancing a competitive edge among the leading food producers. Factors influencing food consumption and production While exploring the main activities in the field of the fast food industry, many companies should evaluate and define the major social and cultural factors that influence those activities before making important decision. The factors are strongly associated with a social, competitive, and legal setting that defines whether a company will gain its competitive advantage or lose it. The social factors have led to the impact on the availability of the product. Depending on a consumer’s economic status, the food produced can be available or unavailable depending on the economic status of the neighbourhood. Food production is low in areas covered by higher pove rty levels. The purchasing power of consumers in the urban areas is higher than in the rural areas. This is simply because consumers in the rural areas earn less than in the urban areas. The purchasing power also varies with the amount the consumer has to spend on other expenses e.g. house rent. Most of the food production industries are located in urban areas. Food consumption has affected the prices of the food produced, since the processing costs, energy costs and transportation are all passed to the consumer. Since the consumers are willing to pay for quality food and beverages with less preservatives and additives, industries have had to adapt to this trend. When processing and producing the food and beverages, industries should ensure the finished products satisfy the consumer’s requirements. Despite the fact that the world society lives in the era of globalization, the focus should still be placed on analysing local trends in developing food tastes and ways of consumpt ion (Cousins Lillicrap 2010). More importantly, the external environment provides a fuller picture of techniques and strategies that a company should use to protect a sustainable market share. The climate changes, global warming and water scarcity have affected food production. Farmers are cultivating their farms for better produce but when it comes to harvesting the yields are poor. Many farmers are becoming discouraged because of the losses they undergo. Due to these factors, consumers have to learn to take alternatives from the farm products to either animal and dairy products.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Food and Beverage Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Food production and consumption can be affected by the appearance, taste or flavour of the final product. When a final product is of quality, consumption of the product increases and thus there is increasing demand for the product. The comp any producing such a product has to increase its production rate to fulfill the consumers demand. A commodity can gain a sustainable market simply because it is sweet or it has a smart appearance. In this respect, numerous theories, trends and concepts have been introduced to determine a set of factors that influence further development of the food industry. The environment affects food production. The waste disposal and consumer activities have to a decline in basic foods processed. Food production and consumption in an area depends on the culture of the people in that area. The culture that every person has been brought up in has great influence on the choice of food he/she prefers. Food production in an area characterized by culture and beliefs is highly affected. Imagine a food production industry producing pork products in a Muslim community. This would be disastrous for the company because apart from the non-Muslims, the products cannot be consumed. This also has effects on th e farmer since the demand for the pigs he/she rears will be low. The type of food to be consumed also depends on the age and the members to be in the Sociological studies come to the forth when it comes to food and eating concept from a social perspective. While considering current trends in food consumption, the importance should also be attained in the past. Historical and social backgrounds, therefore, are among the most important aspects shaping the contemporary perspectives and tendencies in food and beverage production (Beardworth Keil, 1997, p. 13). Apart from social dimension, food trends are largely influenced by cultural issues. Many people having problems with food consumption, including obesity, take their roots in cultural context (Counihan Esterik, 1997, p. 203). In particular, such aspects as â€Å"the functioning of the family, the economic and class organization, the political system, the religious and magical beliefs, the values that men live by related to each other†¦.† (Counihan Esterik, 1997, p. 203). Judging from the above, consideration of multiple theories, concepts, and trends is important for defining further paths for developing food industry and for working out effective strategies.Advertising Looking for report on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Theories behind Food and beverage consumption Despite the fact that the world society lives in the era of globalization, the focus should still be placed on analysing local trends in developing food tastes and ways of consumption. Food choice, therefore, depends on many variables that are also defined through an individuals’ thinking process – behavior deciding and perceptual affective – which form the main underpinnings of the theory of planned behavior. The link between behaviour and attitude is evident and, as a result, the majority of food choices provides an exhaustive rational for predicting consumer demands (Connor, 1993). Judging from the previously presented assumptions, further emphasis should be placed on defining other food variables shaping the choices of individuals. These factors are predominantly external, as compared to the theory of planned behaviour (Mavando Farrell, 2003). Hence, consumer behaviour is also largely influenced by external cult ural, economic, and political environments that play a pivotal role in food preferences and people’s intention to purchase (Iop et al., 2006). The role of behaviour and the external environment is also heavily studied in the field of anthropology. From its viewpoint, basic concerns with food choice are specifically connected to the symbolism of thinness and fatness in various societies. According to Counihan and Esterik (1997), â€Å"†¦there might be conflicting values concerning fatness and thinness, about eating and †¦that of this conflict might stem from the fact that live in a rapidly changing society, where traditional values linger beside the new ones† (p. 203). Using a comparative approach, the researchers consider it necessary to attain the problem of obesity to the problem of changing patterns of food consumption, along with understanding the symbolism of thinness and ability in different cultures. While referring to anthropological studies, specific attention should be placed on the emerging culture of fast food consumption in the United States (Ritzer, 2010). According to the current trends, the world has become extremely rationalized because many people make choices while being dominated by predictability, efficiency, calculability, and advanced technologies controlling people’s mind. The so-called process is often referred as to McDonaldization, which is somewhat congruent with the Weber’s theory of rationalization. The process is specifically concerned with the basic trends of consumption where the main paradigm is a fast food restaurant (Ritzer, 2010, p. 25). Nowadays, people are more bound by institutionalized rules that help them decide which products to purchase. These principles completely differ from previously established patterns of consumption based on religious and cultural concerns (Han Sharon, 1994). Weber’s theory proclaims bureaucracy as the core paradigm of rationality possessing a grea t number of advantages over other approaches that help individuals make their food choices. The given theory is closely associated with the theory of reasoned action proposed by Fishbein and Ajzen (Shepherd Raats, 2006, p. 46). According to this theory, subjective norms from the second aspect of intention. This determinant is defined â€Å"†¦ as perception of general social pressure to perform or not to perform a given behaviour† (Shepherd Raats, 2006, p. 46). Subjective norms are often perceived as pressure received from influential references. Prejudices and fixed stereotypes, therefore, are the leading ones in shaping people’s food choice (Philip, 1998). Contrary to the rational trends in understanding food consumption, it is imperative to discuss shifts of existing food consumption systems to understand why rational theories are not always effective in defining people’s choice. At this point, understanding social environment is important, but defining people’s needs and increasing consumer demand is far more important (Wilk, 2006). To support the idea, Peterson and Ammann (2003) believe that, despite the existing social and economic pressures, people are fully aware of their needs and concerns and, therefore, much of their preferences just comes from external pressure, but not from the internal needs. In this respect, specific emphasis should be placed on exploring the culture of taste among various countries and society to adjust existing values to changing preferences (Korsmeyer, 2005). Identifying the Main Strengths While discussing the key concepts and theories of food consumption and production, it is important to put a consideration to the external pressures and internal needs. Specific attention should be stressed to Weber’s theory of rationalization of food consumption that distorts tastes of individuals, along with the theory of planned behaviour that is impossible to ignore as far as the making choice is concerned. According to Weber’s theory, the rise in the cost of food and beverages is triggered by the increased demand for the food and beverages (Cousins Lillicrap 2010). The livelihood status of the consumers has improved due to better pay. When the consumers’ income increases, they tend to change from buying cheaper food and beverages to more expensive ones. This leads to industries replacing lower quality foods and beverages with those of more quality. This forces the industries to hike the prices of the finished products. Finally, exploring prehistory of food culture, as well as considering food choice with regard to taste culture should come up with existing social and economic conditions. Highlighting the Main Weaknesses Theory of reasoned action revealed subjective norms influencing people’s choice. However, it does not define human awareness and behaviour as the leading decision making process. Similarly, the focus should be made on perceptual aspects of individuals rather on external social pressure while working out a specific rationale for developing strategies (Adorno, 1991; Goody, 1982). Alternatively, the existing problems with obesity, as well as distorted stereotypes, can have negative consequences for human health. Working out Strategies for Food Production and consumption An in-depth analysis of existing theories and models of food consumption provides a salient insight into the problems and concerns connected to existing trends in producing food (Derensky, 2008). The relation between cultural orientation of consumers and organizational culture is evident because it has a potent impact on existing business environment (Mavando and Farrell, 2003). Numerous producers fail to think over future trends in food production with regard to local cultures and rituals. Ignoring such aspects as local development and making an emphasis on mass culture can prevent leading companies from attracting more consumers and gaining a compet itive edge (Blackwel et al, 2001). Indeed, global orientation and successful marketing can be enhanced in case major companies consider the role of local culture and development in shaping the market (Hofstede, 1998). At this point, Hofstede (1998) states, â€Å"virtuous behaviour toward others consists of treating others as one would like to be treated oneself: a basis human benevolence† (p. 8). In this respect, defining the basic needs of local consumers can contribute to predicting the needs of people originating from other cultures. Capturing the main values and their relationship to consumer behaviour leads to defining three types of needs that can be satisfied by the producers – experiential, functional, and social (Kim et al, 2002). In this respect, experiential needs must be associated with the importance of flavour and taste in human experience (Korsmeyer, 2005). Social needs are connected with the globalization process and pressure of external environment (Wa ters, 2010). Reorganization of food industry and deviation from the concept of fast-food restaurants can provide a new level of food product (Yiannas, 2009). In other words, food producers should take a greater responsibility over their consumers to ensure supply of healthy and secure food. More importantly, it can attract more guests and customers from other countries, which can contrite to creating a sustainable market share (Baum, 1995; Lindgreen et al., 2009). Sustaining and developing a safe and advanced approach to food production can improve the marketing situation and provide producers with new methods of advertising products. Hence, greater importance should be attained to the quality and health of consumers because these issues are closely connected to the global economy and ecology. Predicting the failure of famous brands should make the leading producers rethink their strategies of marketing goods and provide changes to different spheres of production and advertising. Co nclusion Food consumption and consumer behaviour depend on a large number of factors, including social, cultural, economic, and legal. These external aspects should be carefully considered by many companies for the purpose of achieving a competitive advantage over other companies and sustain proper development of market share. In order to define what lies behind the concepts of food consumption, a number of theories have been investigated. Theory of planned behaviour, consideration of local culture, and theory of reasoned actions, along with Webber theory have been analysed to define which framework is the most effective one to apply to future strategic management in the field of the food industry. It has been defined, however, that both general social pressures, as well as individual preferences should be taken into consideration while building effective business strategies. In addition, food producers should focus on the development of innovative and safe approaches to food produc tion and distribution. At this point, fast-food mass culture should be gradually changed in the culture of healthy and secure food sustaining human welfare. This implies that famous brands can lose their competitive advantage unless their strategies for food marketing are changed. References Adorno, T 1991, The Culture Industry: Selected Essays on Mass Culture, Routledge, London. Baum, T 1995, Managing Human Resources in the European Tourism and Hospitality Industry, Chapman Hall, London. Beardworth, A, Keil, T 1997, Sociology on the Menu: An Invitation to the Study of Food and Society, Routlegde, London. Blackwel, R. et al 2001, Consumer behavior (5th edition), The Dryden Press, US. Connor MT 1993, ‘Understanding Determinants of Food Choice: Contributions from Attitude Research’, British Food Journal, vol. 95, no. 9. pp. 27-31. Counihan, C Esterik, PV 1997, Food and Culture: A Reader, Routledge, London. Cousins, J Lillicrap, D 2010, Food and Beverage Service, Hodder Education, London, UK. Derensky, H 2008, International Management: Managing Across Borders and Cultures. Pearson Prentice Hall, US. Forth, CE Carden-Coyne, A 2005, Cultures of the abdomen: diet, digestion, and fat in the modern world, Palgrave Macmillan, US. Goody, J 1982, Cooking, Cuisine, and Class: A Study in Comparative Sociology (Theme in Social Sciences), UK Han, S. and Sharon S. 1994, ‘Persuasion and Culture: Advertising Appeals in Individualistic and Collectivistic Societies’, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 30, pp. 326-350. Hofstede, G. 1998, ‘The Confucius connection: Form cultural roots to economic growth’, Organizational Dynamics, vol. 4, pp. 12-13. Iop, SCF, Teixeira, E Deliza, R 2006 ‘Consumer research: extrinsic variables in food studies’, British Food Journal; vol.108 no. 11, pp. 894-903. Kim, J, Forsythe, S, GU, Q, Moon, SJ 2002, ‘Cross-cultural consumer values, needs and purchase behaviour’; Co nsumer Marketing, Vol. 19 no. 6, pp. 481-503. Korsmeyer, C 2005, The Taste Culture Reader: Experiencing Food and Drink, Oxford Berg, UK. Lindgreen, A, Hingley, MK Vanhamme, J 2009, The Crisis of Food Brands: Sustaining Safe,Innovative and Competitive Food Supply, US: Gower Publishing, Ltd. Mavando, F Farrell, M 2003, ‘Cultural orientation: its relationship with market orientation, innovation, and organizational performance’, Management Decision, vol. 42, no. 3. pp. 241-249. Montanari, M 2006, Food is Culture, Columbia University Press, US. Peterson, D, Ammann, K 2003, Eating Apes, University of California Press, US. Petrie, K 2011, Food Culture: Celebrating Diverse Traditions, ABDO, US. Philip, L.J 1998, ‘Combining quantitative and qualitative approaches to social research in humangeography – an impossible mixture?’, Environment Planning A, vol. 30, pp. 261-267. Ritzer, G 2010, The McDonalization of Society, Pine Forge Press, US. Shepherd, R Raa ts, M 2006, The psychology of food choice, CABI, US. Waters, M 2010, ‘McDonalization and the Global Culture of Consumption’, In G Ritzer and Z Atalay (eds.), Readings in Globalization: Key Concepts and Major Debate, John Wiley and Sons, US. Wilk, R 2006, Fast food/slow food: the cultural economy of the global food system, Rowman Altamira ,US.. Yiannas, F 2009, Food Safety Culture: Creating a Behavior-Based Food Safety Management System, Springe, US. This report on Food and Beverage Development was written and submitted by user Jaycob H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Development of a Systematic Perspective on School Based Management Policy and Implementation

Development of a Systematic Perspective on School Based Management Policy and Implementation Introduction The research paper is a critical examination of the concept of school based management. It is no doubt that public schools have in the recent past rethought and redesigned the manner with which they opt to operate effectively and efficiently via the process of restructuring or systematic reforms (Fiske, 1995).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Development of a Systematic Perspective on School Based Management Policy and Implementation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To show that the matter is a serious issue, various countries across the globe have initiated such approaches in order to uplift national education. An example of such is Indonesia where the central government came up with a commission of national education that was back in 2001; this decentralized education. This was realized by formation of school councils which were later realized to bring democratic leadership translating to hig her level of parent participation in issues relating to governing the schools as well as improved national education level (Bryk et al., 1998). In the wake of 21st centaury it is worth noting that all Indonesia public schools had adopted school based management. It is thus very important to emphasis the importance of balancing between centralization and decentralization of policies regarding school based management. In the strictest terms, school based management has been though of as the mechanisms used to decentralize decision making authority to the school site which is a popular approach that gain momentum in early 1980s thanks to school reform movements (Weiss, 1992). As noted, majority of schools have make efforts in trying to implement this approach in managing budgets, curriculum among other issues in schools. The various advantages of the approach brought forth by proponents include the following; learners will be offered best programs since resources are wisely allocated; better decisions are arrived at since it is made by a group and not individuals and it also results to enhance communication between and among the relevant stakeholders. To address the issue of SBM the paper will develop systematically and defend with sound reasons and arguments a version of SBM together with its associated accountability mechanisms that would be appropriate for a school in the United Kingdom.Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, the successes associated with SBM are also of importance. The challenges that will be faced in trying to implement the proposed approach will be tackled. Lastly an explanation of how best SBM can be used to promote improvements in students learning outcomes will be covered. A version of School Based Management As noted previously, SBM main objective and aim is to bring about positive change. It is worth noting fr om the onset that SBM seeks to transfer a number of responsibility and decision making with regards to operation of schools not only to teacher and principals but also to parents, students, and business people among other stakeholders. Nonetheless, such decentralization of authority needs to be in line with policies that are centrally determined. It is no doubt that there are a number of SBM programs that that can be employed in public school. The differences usually arise both in terms of the one bestowed with the power and responsibility in coming up with decisions as well as to what degree of coming up with decisions have been devolved o schools and its constituents (Katyal Evers, 2007). Among the version in place include the following; the one in which the principals or teachers are bestowed with the power to execute the authority. With this version, the principal has the ultimate authority but the council only advices him. The second approach which I will further discus is whe re the parents, students as well as community participates. Generally speaking the program does delegate duties in such areas as coming up with school budgets, infrastructural improvements, hiring and firing of teachers, developing school curriculum, issues relating to textbooks, coming up with the school calendar aimed at meeting the needs and aspirations of the community, monitoring as well as evaluating performance of teachers to mention but a few. According to Oswald, 1995: Par. 2 [In an SBM system, authority can transfer from the state government to school boards, from school boards to superintendents, from superintendents to principals, from principals to other members of the school community such as teachers and parents, or some combination of two or more of these]. In any organization a chain of command is deemed important for a number of reasons. On of them being that individuals or groups will clearly know who to report to and secondly it enhances holding such groups or in dividuals accountable for their actions. It has been shown that for SBM to be adopted in a successful manner there is need to actively incorporate all the relevant authorities.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Development of a Systematic Perspective on School Based Management Policy and Implementation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This only happens where the principal adopts an approach to making decision that is team oriented. With such a system in place all relevant stakeholders such as teachers, parents, the community and students will feel part of the team hence develop positive attitude towards the schools’ activities. Additionally a sense of ownership is build when decisions are arrived at from a team format (Leithwood Menzies, 1998). Having in mind that the local communities understands their problems better the version of SBM rests on the fact that communities should be taking an active role in the efforts aimed at bettering services related to education that majorly include ho to plan, monitor as well as evaluate programs that are educational via the school councils (Murphy Beck, 1995). A school council has been thought as an independent body that is formed to offer advice, â€Å"directions and support for personnel, facilities and equipment as well as monitoring of schools†. With such a council in place there are certain roles they will play which include; being an advisor and help schools determine as well as approve educational policies, being an agency in supporting schools when it comes to issues of finances, being a controlling body with the ultimate goal of bringing transparency and accountability and lastly being a mediator between the school and other external bodies such as governments among others. For my version, the council should be independent and opt to not have any hierarchal link with the government. It formation should be open, accountab le as well as being democratic. To form a council, a school needs to form a committee comprising of members from the following divides; education practitioners; principal, representatives of the teachers, parents, religious as well as community representatives (Oswald, 1995). The later opt to be made up of non governmental organizations, local authority, religious leader’s business people and a person deemed to be of a public figure. The responsibility of the committee is to set everything right for election of council members.  It is worth noting that the number to be included in the council varies with the size of the school. Ideally the provision calls for selection of at least 9 members. Having representatives from principal, community, teachers, local government and school foundation is key. Among the major reasons why I think this version is best rests on its ability to ensure that all relevant stakeholders are incorporated in their decision making processes. The adva ntage with this is that it brings a sense of ownership hence making the relevant stakeholders feel part of the team and will support the decisions arrived at (Murphy Beck, 1995).  Additionally having the approach not being related to the central governments helps in ensuring that the decision arrived at as well as ideas brought forth by the relevant stakeholders are solemnly based and identified from its natural settings (Weiss, 1992).Advertising Looking for critical writing on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More It is no doubt that this results in coming up with solutions tailored in curbing local problems. Similarly, there are chances of the principal making sound decisions as he is provided with an opportunity to learn more and improves his/her leadership styles. To exemplify this, when firing a teacher, all the relevant stakeholders through the council will adequately analyze the issue at hand before coming to a conclusion. This plays a major role in ensuring that good teachers are not fired just because they differ in ideologies with their bosses (Oswald, 1995). It has also been argued that such an approach of SBM brings with it an effective way of communication. Having in mind that information is power, each an every party will not be left in the dark when important decisions are arrived at. Through the committee, teachers, parents, students, the principal and the community representatives will be adequately informed of what will be happening in the near future. With such an approach, their views are highly welcomed to help arrive at the final decision (Murphy Beck, 1995). Additionally, the chosen approach ensures that individuals take responsibility. Where thing will go wrong, there is a group of individuals who can be easily held accountable. For instance if teachers or parents have not play their roles adequately then there is room to call them and hold them accountable for what they have done or failed to do. Accountability mechanism As held by Leithwood Menzies, 1998 it is no doubt that having SBM program without its associated transparency and accountability mechanisms is nothings. There is need to provide a mechanism within the program that will ensure all stakeholders actively take part in forming policies as well as effectively evaluate the school. This goes an extra mile in enhancing transparency and accountability. Despite the fact that the program provides schools with autonomy there is need to hold higher level of accountability either internally o r externally. Weiss, 1992 indentified that for the internal accountability mechanisms, there is need to have in place an efficient and effective control mechanisms that will prevent financial malpractices that are self centered which might ultimately harm the school. Having in place such mechanisms will ensure that there is proper use of financial resources in line with the existing relevant laws and guidelines. Issues related to corruptions and kickbacks need to be adequately addressed.  Consequently, the school opt to examine analyze their plans more frequently in order to establish whether it is running its activities in accordance with the real demands and the direction of school development. With this being accomplished, there is need to make necessary alterations when called for. Having in place mechanisms to ensure a systematic as well as a regular system of evaluating itself there are higher chances of the school being able to analyze how effective it is in offering qualit y services. This brings with it the advantage of self-evaluating translating to improvements and a development that is continuous (Katyal Evers, 2007). Another mechanism for accountability and transparency is for the school to correctly utilize school report as well as functions in order to adequately make the various stakeholders aware of progress of the school and how the student are fairing on. Lastly, when a team work approach is used to arrive at any decision this provides a system in which transparency is enhanced as well as providing internal checks and balances (Weiss, 1992). It is not enough to have in place internal accountability mechanisms; this thus calls for external one. The committee as well as the council needs to ensure that the program (SBM) is executed in a manner that is in line with relevant laws and regulations of the land. This will help in ensuring that the school is not in trouble with the government as well as local authority. In situations where the scho ol receives grants as well as subsidies from the government it opt to comply with the Code of Aid as well as all other terms associated with the same. On the same note, the plans to develop the school need to be in line with the requirements and provision in the government policies relating to education (Leung, 2005). According to Leung, 2005 there is need to have in place a yearly school account audit done by an external registered certified public accountant the same should be submitted to Education Management Board. This will ensure that whatever the school will be doing in terms of using the financial resources, they will be careful not to mess things up since there is someone who will cross check the same; ultimately resulting to transparency and accountability. Responsibilities of the stakeholders As already established there are various stakeholders who actively participate in ensuring that SBM is realized. Despite the fact that there are a myriad of responsibilities from the various stakeholders, there are some general ones which will be addressed herein. For instance, the council is bestowed with the responsibility of formulating and approving school policies as well as mission and vision, annual school programs as well as budget, designing strategic plan aimed at developing the school, determining the desired standards for learning, developing mechanisms to offer incentives to the principal and the teaching staff, creating an environment that is characterized with transparency, accountability as well as democracy aimed at improving quality of education in the school and encouraging increased participation of the various stakeholders in forming, implementing, monitoring as well as evaluating policies for the school (Yukl, 2006). Similarly, the council helps in fundraising aimed at providing the school with financial resources, identifying as well as solving emerging problems, forming partnerships as well as networks between the school and other extern al organizations aimed at improving education, responding to local as well as national requirements in the curriculum and lastly mobilizing both financial as well as non financial resources for the betterment of the school (Leung, 2005). The principal who is seen as the school manager is bestowed with responsibilities broadly categorized as policy making and management. The later involves such actions as determining promotion as well as dismissal of teacher but with conjunction with the council, manage school’s resources, create an environment in which both students as well as teachers will thrive (Katyal Evers, 2007). Additionally, the principal is responsible for ensuring that effective communication is enhances between and among the various stakeholders. On the same note, the principal opt to be accountable to the stakeholders including students, parents, teachers and the local community. Concerning teachers, they are responsible for ensuring that students are offered wit h quality education as well as monitoring and evaluating their performances. On top of this teacher are influential in making decisions as they take part in â€Å"planning, developing, monitoring, and improving instructional programs within the school† (Yukl, 2006: 45) Parents role and influence varies and include contributing in decision making, encouraging their children, support implementation of proposed policies, holding the manager as well as teachers accountable to mention but a few. Benefits of SBM There are several benefits associated with adopting SBM. One major one is that it enhances parental involvement. It has been shown that parent involvement to issues relating to their children helps them achieve more. In situations where parents actively monitor the progress of their student, they will be able to know their areas of weakness and try to help them. Additionally, when parents are involved, they create a learning environment back at home. This has been seen when they help their children do homework and encourage a culture of learning (Yukl, 2006). Similarly, parents do encourage their children by making them know they are unique and are capable of achieving academic excellence. In terms of social behavior, parent involvement help in shaping the manner of student and will try to avoid being in trouble. Lastly and more importantly, student whose parent are actively involved in their learning develop positive attitude hence have lower chances of dropping out of schools. Other benefits include an increase in quality as well as quantity of information sharing largely characterized by face to face communication. Having adequate information the relevant stakeholders will definitely make rational decision since they are not left in the dark in issues relating to school development (Leung, 2005). Additionally, SBM seek to bring both financial and instructional resources to be aligned with school’s goals, mission and objectives. This ultimate ly results to having in place programs aimed at providing students with better services (Weiss, 1992). In situations where there is delegation of duties and responsibilities, there are higher chances of the program nurturing new leaders across the various stages. This ensures that the organizations will have internally nurtured leaders who can rise to the occasion whenever called upon to take some responsibilities. On the same note, it is evident that the mechanisms for accountability and transparency will ensure that all relevant stakeholders work hard in ensuring that their activities are within existing laws, regulations and guidelines.  As suggested by Katyal Evers, 2007 SBM provide teachers, the community as well as the staff a higher chance of actively being involved when the school makes vital decisions. Such an initiative brings several advantages such as feelings of ownership and responsibility among others. Similarly, the approach ensures that it utilizes the expertise as well as competence of individuals who are working in the school to come up with decisions that will improve learning outcomes. This mainly rests on the ability of coming up with local solutions to local problems. According to Morrison, 2002 it is also important to point out that the decisions arrived at by the various stakeholders have been associated with increased students tests scores, decreased rates of dropouts as well as lower levels of suspensions and expulsion. According to Bryk et al 1998: 128; [In schools making systemic changes, structures are established which create opportunities for such interactions to occur. As teachers develop a broader say in school decision making, they may also begin to experiment with new roles, including working collaboratively. This restructuring of teachers’ work signifies a broadening professional community where teachers feel more comfortable exchanging ideas, and where a collective sense of responsibility for student development is likely to emerge. These characteristics of systemic restructuring contrast with conventional school practice where teachers work more autonomously and there may be little meaningful professional exchange among co-workers. ] Challenges facing implementation of SBM Just like any other program, SBM anticipates various challenges although in varying degrees. A major challenge is that of the stakeholders encountering more work characterized by confusion with regards to new responsibilities and tasks, problems in having an effective manner of coordination as well as performance of the school in a manner that is not even. Similarly, according to (Fiske, 1995: 212) SBM is a complex undertaking, raising multiple policy issues involving lines of authority for making decisions and responsibility and accountability for the consequences of such decisions,† This can be attested by problems associated with accountability where the school may want to exercise full authority over decision b ut the council will be held accountable. Additionally, lack of adequate knowledge and skills from some stakeholders might jeopardize the efforts of successfully implementing SBM. Such problems can be seen in communication and information sharing, lack of skills in decision making as well as trust issues among and between the involved parties (Yukl, 2006). On the same line of reasoning, there are instances where the teachers as well as the school manger or the principal might be reluctant to provide other parties the opportunity to actively engage in collective decision making.  It has also been shown that poor leadership can be another serious barrier to successful implementation of SBM program. It is worth noting that effective leadership is key in whatever field of study. When the one at the realm of the organization fails to demonstrate qualities such as team work, 360 communication frameworks, creating a democratic environment, being an effective communicator, acting assertive ly among other, then the chances of bringing everyone on board to consult and reach a consensus might not be realized (Bryk et al., 1998). SBM in promoting improvements in students To ensure that SBM is used to improve students learning, it is important for the stakeholders to be fully aware of what SBM is; what it can do as well as what it cannot do. This will help them tailor the policies towards achievable initiatives geared towards encouraging effective learning. However, it has been established that despite the fact that all relevant steps aimed at fostering improvement in students learning, they all depend on effective leadership. This concept ensures that all the relevant steps such as creating an environment that supports teaching and learning is created (Leithwood Menzies, 1998). This will also go an extra mile in making parents encourage to get involved hence resulting to supporting their children as well as school initiatives aimed at fostering students learning.  Addi tionally effective leadership ensures that there is effective communication characterized by 360 feedback mechanisms. With this, the teachers will make the test scores of students as well as the reasons behind the performances and recommendations to improve on them (Yukl, 2006). Having in place an inclusive approach, then all the relevant stakeholders will actively engage in activities that will help resolve the problem. On the same note effective leaders will strive in creating a cordial and interactive links with the students, teachers as well as other non teaching staffs. With this the major problems hindering education achievement can be pinpointed and as a result of collaboration of the various stakeholders viable solutions can be developed (Morrison, 2002). Conclusion From the review of School Based Management, it is evident that the concept despite of coming to limelight in 1980s, it has been adopted by majority of schools. It aims at decentralizing authority and improves sch ool performance. The version of SBM proposed is where the decisions are arrived via consultation and consensus between the council and the principal. Among the argument in support of this approach include ownership of decision, developing sound and rational decision, stakeholders feel involved hence offer their best among others. The mechanisms of enhancing accountability and transparency include external annual auditing and have in place efficient and effective control mechanisms that will prevent financial malpractices that are self centered which might ultimately harm the school among others. The paper has also tackled the various responsibilities of the relevant stakeholders. Similarly, the benefits of SBM have been addressed. The challenges hindering successful implementation of the program have also been addressed. Lastly having effective leadership and all relevant stakeholders being aware of what SBM is are necessary in ensuring that SBM can be used to improve and promote st udent learning. References Bryk, T. et al. (1998). Charting Chicago School Reform. Boulder, CO, Westview Press. Fiske, E. (1995). â€Å"Systematic school reform: Implications for architecture† In A. Meek (Ed.) Designing places for learning. Alexandria, VA: ASCD. Katyal, K. Evers, C. (2007). â€Å"Parents partners or clients? A re-conceptualization of home-school interactions†, Teaching Education, 18(1): 61-76. Leithwood, K. Menzies, T. (1998). â€Å"Forms and effects of school-based management: A review† Educational Policy, 12: (3) 325-346. Leung, C. (2005). â€Å"Accountability versus school development: self-evaluation in an international school in Hong Kong†, International Studies in Educational Administration, 33(1): 2-14. Morrison, K. (2002). School Leadership and Complexity Theory. London: Routledge/Falmer. Murphy, J. Beck L. (1995). School-based Management as School Reform. Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Oswald, L. (1995). ‘School Based Management† College of Education  · University of Oregon. Web. Weiss, C. (1992). â€Å"Shared decision making about what? A comparison of schools with and without teacher participation† Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, San Francisco. Yukl, G. (2006). Leadership in Organizations. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.

International Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

International Marketing - Essay Example This essay will conduct an internal and external environment analysis to develop effective business entry strategies. Discussion Magnit and Cityline operate within different industries. It is highly important for the organizations to determine the external environmental opportunities and threats before developing the market entry strategy. Following PEST and Porter’s five Force analyses will help the organizations to determine key external environmental opportunities and threats. PEST Analysis PEST analysis helps an organization to determine the overall impact of external environmental factors on the business performance of the organization. Political India is a politically stable country. The government of India is influencing several international organizations to enter in the Indian market. As the entry of foreign players can overcome several economic and social challenges, government can support the organizations. First of all, the market entry of two organizations can som ehow help the nation to overcome challenges like rising unemployment rate. Employment generation will help the people of country to betterment their lifestyles (Shan, 1991, pp.12-15). Looking into these aspects, it can be stated that the political environment is favourable for Magnit retail chain and Cityline internet service provider. Economical India is economically developing country. Purchasing power and disposable income of people are growing at a significant rate on yearly basis. It is true that India has achieved significant growth rate during the period of recent global economic recession and financial crisis. These favourable economic factors can... This report stresses that Magnit and Cityline are the Russian organizations that do not have any kind of international presence. Huge popularity and high market share in Russia influenced these two organizations to decide to go for global expansion strategy. Magnit is one of the leading retail chains in Russia. On the other hand, Cityline is one of the largest internet service providers in Russia. Magnit is trying to target potential target customers in India as it is true that the demand for consumption of consumer goods in the retail chain has increased significantly among the target customers. On the other hand, Cityline is trying to follow B2B business model as the organization is trying to target the business units and organizations to provide high speed internet prices in competitive package prices. It is clear from above discussion that both the organizations can capitalize on several favourable external environmental opportunities. This paper makes a conclusion that the external threats are quite minimal for both organizations. It is important for both of these organizations to develop an effective market entry strategy as the future performance in India is highly depending upon the developed market entry strategy. It is important for Magnit to follow Joint Venture Model in Indian market as it will help the organization in initial stages. The associated venture will help Magnit to get required business capital and operation resources in low cost. On the other hand, it will be effective for Cityline to follow Franchisee business model as it will help the organization to reduce initial political risks and high operation cost. The franchisee owners will help the parent company or franchiser or Cityline to develop effective customer base.

Gender is not something one is, it is something one dose it is a Essay

Gender is not something one is, it is something one dose it is a sequence of acts, a doing rather then a being - Essay Example Butler (1986) states that the common thinking about how a female becomes a woman is governed by patriarchy and phallogocentric language â€Å"which precedes and determines the subject itself† (Butler, 1986, p. 36). In other words, Butler (1986) believes that the term â€Å"woman† is defined passively, not by the women themselves, but by the patriarchal culture. That said, de Beauvoir (1973) believes that oppression is not inevitable, but, rather, they persist because of cultural reasons. Butler (1990) further states that the concept of a universal patriarchy has come under fire, because patriarchy exists in â€Å"concrete cultural contexts† (Butler, 1990, p. 3). Butler (1990) also states that there is the possibility that women might have a bond through their oppression alone. Connell (1992) further states that gender, in and of itself, is a construction of power and hegemony, which means that the male identity is also influenced by culture and these outside forc es. Connell (1992) believes that masculine identities may be hegemonic or marginalized – some masculine identities are the former, others are the latter. Similarly, there is a difference between masculinity and femininity, and this, too, is contrasted with the terms â€Å"male† and â€Å"female.† Bartky (2003) states the one achieves femininity, whereas one is born female. The same with masculinity – men might achieve masculinity, and be born male, or, alternatively, as with many homosexual men, one may be born male but not achieve masculinity. As with the philosophies of de Beauvoir and Butler, Bartky (2003) states that the concept of masculinity and femininity is dictated by the power structure, which states what the contours are of masculinity and femininity (Bartky, 2003). This article will examine how patriarchy and society has defined both men and women throughout the modern era. Discussion Standards of Beauty As de Beauvoir (1973) states, the femin ine identity, and what it means to be a woman is defined by patriarchy and the male. In no area of a woman’s life is this more apparent than the standards of beauty, which are male-dominated. Women feel that they must conform to these male-dictated beauty standards, or they are somehow less than. The feminine ideal for beauty, therefore, is not only ever-changing, but is dictated by the power structure and patriarchy. Lorber (1993) states that the feminine ideal, at least during the early 1990s, which is when Lorber’s article was written, was slim-slim-hipped, small breasted and virtually emaciated. Women starved themselves for this ideal, and this ideal sold many magazines which promised women a way to become thinner, in order to fit this ideal. While this was the ideal in the early 1990s, and, more or less, continues to be today’s ideal, this was not always so – the feminine body ideal has changed over the years, according to society and culture. Calabr ese et al. (2011) state that the feminine ideal is epitomized by Playboy models, which is similar to the ideal stated by Lorber (1993), in that the women is to be slim-hipped and slender, overall. However, in this ideal, the woman must also have large breasts. Barbie dolls exemplify this ideal, and girls and women increasingly pressured to fit this ideal, to the extent that they require plastic surgery to do so (Calabrese et al.., 2011). Frederick et al. (2007) state that these feminine ideals, as pushed upon society by

Challenges and issues regarding the effectiveness of the two way Essay

Challenges and issues regarding the effectiveness of the two way immersion program - Essay Example The two way immersion teachers integrate the majority and minority languages at the same school and deliver the content by equally using two different languages. The main goal of dual language education is to improve students’ bilingual skills, academic learning, and tendency to learn different cultural aspects from each other (Lindholm-Leary, 2012). In my research, I will discuss the challenges and issues that may negatively impact the outcomes of language learning in two way immersion and bilingual programs. These challenges may need to be considered in order to encourage parents to enroll their children in such programs. The first challenge is the perception that increased exposure to English develops higher level of proficiency in the children (Genesee and Lindholm-Leary, 2008). The study demonstrated that there is no correlation between the amount of time spent by English language learners in English language instructions, and higher level of proficiency. One study drew comparison between English language learners getting little English instructions in schools and students enrolled in a dual language program that learn the contents by equally using English language and their native language. The study showed that students who received little English have similar or more advanced proficiency compared to the proficiency of st udents that studied in dual language program (Lindholm-Leary, 2012). However, I think many other components such as untrained teachers and poor curriculum may influence the effectiveness of dual language programs. In my own experience of acquiring English language, I have observed that the Saudi schools do not mandate the teachers to use English language to teach English subjects, even though English subjects need to be taught in English. However, as a former Saudi student willing to learn English language, I tried to create my own English language environment; my TV

Comparison Of Windows Unix And Linux Computer Science Essay

Comparison Of Windows Unix And Linux Computer Science Essay In this term paper study of different OS are done. To know which is better the features , pros and cons are compared. Also the reliability of each OS is consider for this study. Since OS is the most important program of a computer, therefore the study of good software is also plays an important role. WHAT IS OPERATING SYSTEM: An operating system is a main program that is designed to run other programs on a computer. A computers operating system is its most important program. It is considered to the backbone of a computer, which manages both software and hardware. Operating systems are made for everything from the control and allocation of memory to get input from external devices and display output to computer screen. They also manage files on computer hard drives and peripherals. The operating systems acts as the human guide to interact with the computer hardware. They are responsible for linking application programs with the hardware, thus achieving an easy user access to the computers. Figure : Operating System terminology; TYPES OF OS: Real-time Operating System: It is a multitasking operating system that used to executing real-time applications. Real-time operating systems often use special scheduling algorithms so that they can achieve a better behavior. The main object of real-time operating systems is their quick response to events. Multi-user: The operating systems of this type allow a multiple users to access a computer system concurrently. Time-sharing system can be classified as multi-user systems as they enable a multiple user access to a computer through the sharing of time. Multi-tasking and Single-tasking Operating Systems: When a single program is allowed to run at a time, the system is called a single-tasking system, while in case the operating system allows the execution of multiple tasks at one time, it is classified as a multi-tasking operating system. Multi-tasking can be of two types namely, pre-emptive or co-operative. Distributed Operating System: An operating system that manages a group of independent computers and makes them appear to be a single computer is known as a distributed operating system. Embedded System: The operating systems designed for being used in embedded computer systems are known as embedded operating systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy. DIFFERENT OPERATING SYSTEMS: WINDOWS: Windows is a personal computers operating system from Microsoft corporation that, together comes with some commonly used applications. Windows has become a standard for common users in most organizations as well as in most homes. Microsoft Windows is a series of operating systems and graphical user interfaces produced by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs). Windows has approximately 91% of the market share of the client operating systems. The most recent client version of Windows is Windows 7; the most recent server version is Windows Server 2008 R2; the most recent mobile OS version is Windows Phone 7. UNIX: Unix is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of ATT employees at Bell Labs. Todays UNIX system is split into number of branches, developed over time by ATT as well as various commercial vendors and other organizations. UNIX was created to provide a multiuser, multitasking system for users. The object behind the design of UNIX was to provide simple, yet powerful utilities that could be pieced together in a flexible manner to perform a wide variety of tasks. Unix is a family of multi-user operating systems. Unix has a very strong security and model and relatively simple design, making it popular and fairly easy to implement. Many operating systems are either based on or modeled after the first Unix systems, such as Linux, Solaris, or Mac OS X. The UNIX operating system comprises three parts: The kernel, the standard utility programs, and the system configuration files. LINUX Linux is a Unix based operating system that was designed to provide personal computer users a free or very low-cost operating system comparable to traditional and usually more expensive Unix systems. Linux has a reputation as a very efficient and fast-performing operating system. Linux is a remarkably complete operating system, including a graphical user interface, an X Window System, TCP/IP, and other components usually found in a traditional systems. Unlike Windows and other proprietary systems, Linux is free and publicly open and modifiable by contributors. Because it conforms to the Portable Operating System Interface standard user and programming interfaces, developers can write programs that can be ported to other operating systems. The development of Linux is one of the most prominent examples of free and open source software collaboration; typically all the underlying source code can be used, freely modified, and redistributed, both commercially and non-commercially, by anyone under licenses such as the GNU General Public License. FEATURES OF UNIX The UNIX Operating System is available on systems with a large range of computing power, from microcomputers to mainframes, and on different manufactures machines. No other operating system can make this possible. We see the reasons of popularity and success of UNIX. The reasons are the following: Portability: The system is designed in high-level language making it easier to read, understand, change and, therefore move to other machines. The code can be changed and complied on a new machine. Machine-independence: The System hides the machine architecture from the user, making it easier to write applications that can run on micros and mainframes. Multi-User Operations: UNIX is a multi-user system designed to support a group of users simultaneously. The system allows for the sharing of processing power and peripheral resources, white at the same time providing excellent security features. Hierarchical File System: UNIX uses a hierarchical file structure to store information. This structure has flexible in grouping information in a way that reflects its natural state. It allows for easy maintenance and efficient implementation. UNIX shell: UNIX has a simple user interface called the shell that has the power to provide the services that the user wants. It protects the user from having to know the hardware details. Utilities: UNIX has over 200 utility programs for various functions. New utilities can be built effortlessly by combining existing utilities. FEATURES OF LINUX Linux has the following features as an outstanding operating system which is strong in security and networking. Multitasking Several programs can run at the same time since it provides number of consoles at the same time. Multiuser Several users can use to the same machine at the same time There is no need to have separate user licenses for different users. Multiplatform: Linux can runs on many different CPUs, that means it supports multiprocessor machine as well as single processor system. Multithreading Linux has native kernel support for multiple independent threads of control within a single process memory space to provide better performance. Crash proof Linux has the feature of memory protection between processes, so that one program cant bring the whole system down. Virtual memory: Virtual memory uses paging for disk to a separate partition or a file with the possibility of adding more swapping areas during runtime . Memory pool Linux has a unified memory pool for the programs run by user and disk cache, so that all free memory can be used for caching, and the cache can be reduced when running large programs. Open source: Free and Open source code for all: All source code of Linux is available, including the whole kernel and all drivers for all the users . Also, all of it is freely distributable. Plenty of commercial programs are being provided for Linux without source, but everything that has been free, including the entire base operating system, is still free. Networking Linux performs well with TCP/IP networking, including ftp, telnet, NFS, etc. FEATURS OF WINDOWS Microsoft was the first to introduce the idea of an operating system which was named as Windows in as an attachment to the MS-DOS in reply to the increasing curiosity in Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs). Microsoft Windows in the end started to monitor the world market of the personal computers, going far ahead of Mac OS, which was the leader before its era. Microsoft has designed and marketed the Windows operating system as a collection of several operating systems. Windows is the most known OS to a lay man. It is trustworthy in the users point of view. First to introduce plug and play rule. UNIX VS LINUX. 1.Most common difference: UNIX is propriety system while Linux is an Open Source system. 2. Technical: In UNIX Development is targeted toward specific users and platform. Linux development is diverse. Linux standard base was formed to remove this problem but it wasnt of much help. UNIX maintains consistency and ease of access between different versions. UNIX has a published standard that they follow for their customer. Linux have inconsistencies between versions and no strict standards for tools, environment and functionality. In UNIX developers of the OS are bounded by standard for development while in Linux developers are free and have no restriction. In UNIX commands, tool and utilities etc are hardly vary over versions. Hence it is easy to administrate to update their skills. Moreover tools can be used on new edition of OS without a large body of testing. In Linux commands, tools and utilities may change over time and with the distributions. 3. Hardware : UNIX was coded for some specific hardware platforms. Linux was designed to be as compatible as possible. It can run on dozens of Architecture and support numerous I/O devices other external devices. Linux has limitless Supported devices are. 4. Kernel ; UNIX kernel is not freely available. Linux kernel is freely available. UNIX patches are available with highly tested. Linux patches are not highly tested as UNIX patches. 5. Updates and Bugs : Every OS, including UNIX and Linux, suffers from vulnerabilities and bugs that have to be patched, fixed and updated. But Linux enjoys a clear advantage over UNIX in this category. Linux bugs tend to die an early death, because the OS undergoes an incredible amount of scrutiny in the global open-source community UNIX VS. WINDOWS Stability: UNIX systems are more stable than windows. There are many factors to support this fact but to name just a big ones: UNIX handles high server loads better than Windows and UNIX machines seldom require reboots while Windows is frequently need them. Servers running on UNIX enjoy extremely high up-time and high reliability. Performance: While there is some doubt which operating system performs better, in our view both perform comparably in low-stress conditions. However UNIX servers under high load are strong than Windows. Compatibility: Web sites designed and programmed to be host under a UNIX-based web server can easily be hosted on a Windows server, whereas the reverse is not always true. This makes the programming for UNIX sites the better choice. Security :Unix has greater built-in security and permissions features than Windows. Until about the year 2000, i.e., before the launch of Microsoft Windows XP, Windows was considerably weaker in security as compared to Unix systems but today, it is really difficult to compare the two on this basis. Windows XP service pack 2 introduced various tools in areas such as emails, web browsing, memory, networking and even the kernel of the OS. The newer versions of Microsoft Windows that have recently been launched such as Windows Vista and Windows Seven, lay too much emphasis on security. They are far much secure than their elder versions. They have built in feasibility for permissions similar to UNIX which prohibits malicious programs from taking over the control of the system resources without user permission. LINUX vs WINDOWS Price The majority of Linux distributions are available for free or at a much lower price than Microsoft Windows. Microsoft Windows can cost between $50.00 $150.00 US dollars per each licensed copy. Ease Although the majority of Linux have improved in ease of use, Windows is still much easier to use for new computer users. Microsoft has made several changes that have made it a much easier to use operating system. It is still Easier than Linux. Reliability The majority of Linux variants are more reliable and can often run for months and years without needing to be rebooted. Although Microsoft Windows has made great advancements in reliability over the last few versions of Windows, it still behind the reliability of Linux. Softwares Linux has a large variety of software programs and utilities. However, Windows has a much larger selection of available software. Because of the large amount of Microsoft Windows users, there is a much larger selection of available software programs for windows. Hardware Hardware manufacturers have made great advancements in hardware support for Linux. Today Linux will support most hardware devices. However, most companies still do not offer drivers or support for their hardware in Linux. Because of the amount of windows users and the broader driver support, windows has larger support for hardware devices. Security Linux is and always been a very secure operating system. Although it still can be attacked. When compared to Windows, it much more secure. Although Microsoft has made changes over the years with security on their operating system, their operating system continues to be the most vulnerable to viruses and other attacks because of the large users. Open Source Many of the Linux programs are open source and enable users to modify the code however they desire. Microsoft is not open source and the majority of windows programs are not open source. Support Although it may be more difficult for users to familiar with all Linux distribution, there are vast amounts of online help, available books, and support is available for Linux. Windows includes vast amount of available online documentation as well as books on each of the versions of Windows. RESULT AND CONCLUSION: In this case study of which is better windows, Unix or Linux. From all the studies it was concluded that from the point of view of a lay user windows is still better for its ease of access. For the stability the UNIX is best among all. For the security feature the LINUX is best among all because of its large community. I conclude that windows is best for the personal use and for the new user , because it is widely used and easy to use. Moreover drivers and support fir the windows is largely and easily available. It also support GUI which helps user to interact easily with the OS. For commercial use LINUX is best to use. Because Linux is very stable and secure than windows ever. So for the large industries where the data is very important thing Linux is most secure OS to be used. Its true that UNIX is more stable than Linux and also compatible, but Unix is rarely used these days. Therefore Linux is still better and secure to use for commercial use.